The Skidaway Institute of Oceanography was created in 1967 by a commission of the Georgia General Assembly and was given the mandate to conduct research in all fields of oceanography and marine sciences. In 1971, Skidaway Institute of Oceanography was transferred to the University System to serve as a base of operations and central facility for marine interests within the University System.

The Institute's primary goals are to further understanding of marine and environmental sciences, conduct leading edge research on marine and coastal systems, and train tomorrow's scientists. The campus serves as a gateway to marine environments and helps to integrate marine programs throughout the University System. The Institute strives to create a more knowledgeable citizen capable of promoting sound utilization of natural coastal and marine resources while capitalizing on coastal economic opportunities. Research activities at the Institute are conducted on scales ranging from local economic and environmental issues to global processes and phenomena.

Although not a degree-granting institution, Skidaway Institute faculty hold adjunct appointments at University System institutions and other universities throughout the US and serve as mentors and advisors for undergraduate and graduate students who will ultimately receive their degrees from their home institution. Institute faculty supervise the research and training of students from all over the world. Strong collaborative ties with other University System institutions allow Skidaway Institute of Oceanography faculty to bring the latest in research findings to the classroom; in turn, Institute laboratories offer hands-on research opportunities for students. The campus also houses the University System's largest library devoted to marine sciences.